johnsunvalley asked:


Recently, the State Environmental Protection Administration and National Development and Reform Commission and other departments jointly issued the "Waste Battery pollution control technology policy," the notice of the country who have reached the low mercury or mercury-free requirements of the waste can be mixed with a battery life to throw away trash, But the best and carry out waste separation. In that case, Anshan waste battery recycling pool is also free of mercury or mercury used batteries at the end of it? Anshan reporters yesterday from the abandoned battery bank was informed that so far, Anshan abandoned battery bank has received the province in addition to Shenyang and Dalian in some cities outside the battery delivered more than 40 tons of waste, including low-mercury and mercury-free battery scrap.

Anshan battery scrap, according to a person in charge of stores, the waste batteries from the pool since its establishment in May of this year, Dandong, Jinzhou, Liaoyang, Benxi and other cities have come to the delivery of waste batteries. To date, the bank abandoned the battery has not received the rejection of low mercury or mercury-free scrap battery notice. Therefore, at present, no battery recycling of mercury waste or mercury-free battery special distinction.

It is understood that "pollution prevention and control of waste battery technology policy" of the battery production, use, collection, transportation, storage, recycling, treatment and disposal issues, such as the corresponding provisions of the handling of the battery into the orderly management of the state of . The use of people's lives into a battery cell and secondary battery. A zinc-manganese batteries, including batteries, alkaline manganese batteries and mercury-containing batteries; secondary batteries including Ni-MH batteries, lithium-ion batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, lead-acid batteries. One focus of the collection of used batteries is mercury-containing batteries and nickel cadmium batteries, lead-acid batteries such as rechargeable batteries discarded. For mercury-containing batteries, the battery should have the mercury content of the corresponding note.



Pollution Prevention

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christy joseph asked:


AIR POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENT

By Dr. Christabell Joseph, LL.M.,Ph.D (Law),

Assistant Professor, Hyderabad.

 

Ancient Indian thinkers emphasized the importance on the purity in air. They were eagerly conscious to convey the value of pure air.  We find in the vedic literature at various places, this view of the sages revealed to them I their exalted state of meditation, which they expressed in the form in vedic sukts.

 

In the Sukta Vayu/air has been organized and recognized as a primary source of human life without the purity of which human life on earth is difficult.  It shows that the process of Yajna and importance attached to Yajna in vedic literature recognizes beyond doubt the importance of pure air because at that Yajna was considered to be one of the best means to purify atmospheric pollution.  Even today, the importance of Yajna is a fact self proved which clears the air pollutative elements.

 

The insight, knowledge and views of ancient thinkers may be utilized for removing air pollution in modern times because ideas are not limited by time and place.  It seems the vedic sages knew the possibility of pollution of environment by the human agencies and therefore they pray that ,mankind should always strive to keep the environment free from pollution for the well being of mankind since pollution of environment can cause inconceivable miseries.

 

Environmental pollution has assumed serious proportion in modern times.  Environmental problems in a country are related to the level of the economic development, availability of natural resources and lifestyle of the population.  Poverty poses special problem for an over populated country with limited resources.  In this paper an attempt, is made to highlight some problems cause by air pollution.  In India most vehicles and industries are the main culprits for air pollution.  But the main question is that inspite of the fact that we have legislation on protection of environment and over the years Supreme Court has also come out with laudable judgments which deal with the menace of environmental degradation, consequences and cure but the problem still remains unsolved.

 

AIR POLLUTION AND JUDICIAL RESPONSE

 

The Supreme Court has taken a very serious note on air pollution caused by vehicular remissions. In M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India (1991) 2 SCC 137), concerning the high air pollution in Delhi caused by the number of petrol and Diesel vehicles in the city, the Delhi Administration was asked to furnish a list of prosecutions launched against heavy vehicles for causing pollutions and directed the installation of devices brought out by Nation Environment Engineering Institute to be in-built into every vehicle manufactured after April 1 1991.

 

 

 

 

According to the chart we find that the number of commercial/transport vehicles are;

 

a.   More than 25 years old                5,718

b.   Between 24 and 25 years old          954

c.   Between 23 and 24 years old          635

d.   Between 22 and 23 years old          524

e.   Between 21 and 22 years old          748

f.   Between 20 and 21 years old           770

 

Therefore, the total numbers of vehicles which are more than 20 years old are 9,349.  These vehicles are all commercial vehicles which have been registered and on which road tax has been paid.  The count of vehicles which are more than 15 years but less than 20 years old are:

 

      a.   Between 17 to 19 years           3,200

      b.   Between 15 to 16 years           4,962

 

The court further held that (a) all commercial/transport vehicles which are more than 20 years old shall be phased out and not permitted to ply in the National Capital Territory, Delhi after 2nd October, 1998: (b) all such commercial/transport vehicles which are 17 to 19 years old shall not be permitted to ply after 15th November, 1988.  This order shall apply to all commercial/transport vehicles whether registered in the National capital territory, Delhi or outside which are more than the stipulated age.

 

All these directions which are given by the Supreme Court for the prevention of air pollution in urban areas are well doing.  But real question is how to enforce and implement the directions?  What is the role of state and NGO’s in preventing pollution, preventing the safe, clean and healthy environment?

 

 

 

 

 

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Nathalie Fiset asked:


What do the human body and the planet earth have in common?

Water. If the human body has about two-thirds water, our planet has about 70% of it, which establishes the fact that water constitutes a major portion in both body masses. And that is what’s alarming. If 70% of the earth’s surface is made up of water, then humankind should have been very wary of anything that would pollute this major portion of the planet. Alas, the human race has done otherwise. Water pollution is now a global problem.

Today, water pollution is rampant and the chief source of water pollution is the human race. We are the very ones that need water most and, yet, we have polluted it, even to the brink of extinction.

There are many types of water pollutants but these can be segregated into four classifications: natural, agricultural, municipal and industrial pollutants. Natural water pollutants could include all the natural phenomena that happen from time to time such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes that cause major upheavals in the ocean floor and storms that cause flashfloods. Even global warming could be qualified as a cause of water pollution.

Agricultural pollution consists mainly of poultry and other agricultural animal wastes that are carelessly thrown off to bodies of water near farms. It could also be the fertilizers or pesticides that are used to make better crops, which erode into lakes, rivers or streams. Municipal wastes are those that come from residential areas. This is the liquid waste that households throw into bodies of water. Industrial pollution consists of all the wastes that major industrial firms chuck into the waters. This last classification is the most severe and most rampant among the three - and it is also the one that has caused the most damage. Industrial waste could include contaminants that are hard to take off from the waters once they spread - petroleum from oil spills or nuclear wastes.

The bodies of water in the world are in catastrophic danger, what with all the industries in the world today, plus our individual wastes all put together! No wonder mankind now drinks from bottles instead of just scooping water from running streams. The effects of water pollution to humanity is staggering. But we should also consider all the other life forms that suffer - the fishes and other animals such as birds, and plants. And what happens when humans eat the very fishes that live in polluted waters? Do you still want that answered?

But where there is life, there is hope. There is something that we can do - you can do - to save the only planet that we have. You could be an advocate, in your own simple way, of retrieving the lost beauty of oceans, lakes, rivers and streams. Here is a list that might get you to consider in fighting water pollution:

1. Primarily, you should prevent water pollution. Just like an illness, it is much simpler to prevent its occurrence rather than to cure. Begin at your own home. Make sure that you conserve water. You can never imagine the water shortages that happen all over the globe. So if you have a constant supply of water at home, use it wisely.

2. Plant trees (if circumstance would allow you). Having more trees or plants in your yard would prevent pollutants from flowing freely into nearby bodies of water. Since they keep the soil from eroding, water pollution or, at least, the quality of the water is improved.

3. Do not throw any form of garbage into any body of water. Sign up for any organization that aims in cleaning up beaches (or lakes, or streams). Be an active member of such organizations.

4. Never throw water pollutants down your sink or toilet bowl. Make sure to dispose wastewater properly. Think of the many septic tanks that contribute to water pollution. Now, ‘get the picture?

Luckily, for all of us, there were concerned lawmakers out there that have made legislations on water pollution. The U.S. alone has several anti-water pollution laws such as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, which was amended in 1988. These laws prevent further damage to U.S. waters.

Although water pollution is an extensive problem, bridling it is still possible. And everything begins with each and every individual in each and every home. And yes, that population includes YOU.



Green Living Guide

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Gaizka Pujana asked:


According to the latest reports, Spain is one of the top five worst ozone polluters in the world, and one of the furthest away from meeting protocols on greenhouse gas emissions as set out by the Kyoto Agreement.

In the Environmental Ministry Report released earlier this month, fifty of Spains biggest cities are more than exceeding governments guidelines for limits on air pollution. The worst offenders are Madrid, Seville, Valencia and Barcelona.

In Barcelona, the biggest contribution to these alarming figures are a massive increase in CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions produced from an influx of personal vehicles on the roads.

CO2 levels have more than doubled since the 1990s, when Cataloni's most rapid phase of growth and development occurred. The Catalonian Generalitat's Environment Ministry reports that 98 % of CO2 pollution is directly caused by road transport activity.

In 2006, a report released by the Encuasta de Movilidad indicated that just over 40% of Catalonians use a private vehicle for an average of three trips per day. Three times the figure for those that use public transport. This is despite a high awareness of the damage cars cause the environment as well as the higher costs of using a household vehicle compared to public transport costs.

It wasn't until 2005 that the Spanish government actually passed laws relating to greenhouse gas emissions but these early reports reveal that laws in themselves are not enough.

A spokesman for Pollution Prevention confirms that air pollution is 'one of the biggest problems threatening Spains environment today. Almost all cities in Spain are failing to comply with air quality regulations'.

With the naked eye it's easy enough to observe the thick, dark haze that sits just above Barcelona's skyline. But there are other signs of the damage affecting not only the environment, but also threatening to affect one of the citys biggest growth industries: tourism.

A recent increase in the amount of jellyfish, locally known as medeusas in waters of the Catalan coast have for the last few years been responsible for beach closures in and around Barcelona, preventing visitors access to one of the area's biggest summer attractions- the Mediterranean Sea.

A jellyfish plague was first noticed in Catalonia in 2005. The Oceana Environment Group reported that numbers had tripled and that an average of 10 jellyfish per square meter were counted close to beaches surrounding Barcelona.

In 2006, 30,000 people were treated over the summer for jellyfish stings and a number of beaches were closed to prevent further injuries. Whilst not usually fatal, a jellyfish sting can cause pain and discomfort and in severe cases of allergic reaction, a heart attack may be triggered.

Increasing numbers of jellyfish have been attributed to rising sea temperatures, which are now at least 2 degrees above average for this time of year. Rising sea temperatures are caused when a buildup of greenhouse emissions prevent the dissipation of the suns heat. The smog produced from pollution acts like a layer of insulation, trapping the heat close to the earths surface.

Warmer waters boost the rate at which jellyfish grow and multiply, and their natural predators, larger fish such as tuna and swordfish have been migrating further away from the Mediterranean in favour of cooler currents found in the Atlantic ocean.

Small boats can be seen trawling for jellyfish and their larvae just off the coast in an effort to reduce the amount that make their way close to shore, but if a solution is not found to combat the problem on a long term basis, holiday makers will soon have to find alternative summer leisure activities other than a visit to the beach.

Aside from environmental problems, air pollution has been labeled responsible for an increase in the number of cases of illnesses including heart problems, cancer, asthma, allergies and other cardiovascular complications in patients. It appears that Catalonians are now choking on their own smoke.

On July 12th, the Catalonian Regional Government approved a plan to reduce the permitted traveling speed for cars on major roadways in Catalonia to less than 80 kms per hour in an effort to lower car emission levels.

These new limits will come into effect by this autumn and will affect Barcelona as well as 15 other municipalities in Catalonia, with a target reduction figure of 30%.

The affects of this plan remain to be seen. One can only hope that Catalonians will take action to reduce greenhouse gas emission, for the security of their health and the health of the Spanish coast.

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Dr.Badruddin Khan asked:


Scientists have estimated that every day, an average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air.  Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere.  These dangerous substances can be either in the form of gases or particles. Air pollution can be found both outdoors and indoors.  Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts for a long time. The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based.  As one might expect, humans have been producing increasing amounts of pollutants as time has progressed, and they now account for the majority of pollutants released into the air.

Air pollution has been a problem throughout history.  Even in Ancient Rome people complained about smoke put into the atmosphere. The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous.  Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems. Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel far off places easily.  As a result, air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of both global cooperation and conflict. Some areas now suffer more than others from air pollution.  Cities with large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.

 Ancient Greek and Roman thoughts began the environmental sciences.  Major philosophers advanced differing views that affected others and shield their views for years to come. The early Greeks searched for a reasonable understanding of nature.  The ideas they developed influenced Europe in the future. Thales of Miletus, the founder of the Ionian school, was the initiator of Greek philosophy on the environmental sciences.  The Ionian school hoped to discover the nature of the universe, and how it came about.  According to Thales, everything was composed of water and the combination of the sun and water was the source of life.

Empedocles (c.493-c.433 BC) argued that the universe was composed of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water, which combined in different ways and proportions to produce different results and products. In his Memorabilia, the Greek writer, Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BC) contends that the planet earth exists for people and the climate of the earth, and the living creatures on it, are for the benefit of humanity.  Xenophon says ‘The earth was created by a god for people.’ His work later influenced Christianity. In Rome, Cicero (106-43 BC) wrote that nature should be controlled by humans.  According to him the earth was designed for humanity, as was each different species. 

In respect of the theory of the four elements, the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) added a fifth one: the heavens.  After breaking with Plato (429-347 BC), Aristotle thoroughly investigated the natural world.  He thought that the earth could be divided into sections defined by the amount of heat each received, and that people could only live in the more inhabitable areas. Aristotle accepted the theory that underground wind caused volcanoes and earthquakes.  He understood the origins of rivers and believed in a pattern of rainfall. Teleology, which explained things in terms of their purpose, was a major part of Aristotle's theory.  It caused him to heavily research reproduction. Aristotle's Historian Animalium details over 500 species, examining common characteristics between the species. Throughout the ancient periods, interest in botany grew because of its relation to medicine.  Many philosophers advanced varying theories that would affect Europe in later years.

Today, there are a vast number of environmental problems, all with unique causes and consequences.  Some people have said that Christianity is one of the primary causes of the degradation of the environment. Lynn White has said that the modern destruction of the environment can be attributed to Christianity. According to White the Biblical belief that nature, seen as inferior to people, can be controlled by man, has brought a lack of respect for the sacredness of the environment. White would also argue that Christianity is greatly responsible for the advent of Western science and technology.  Modern technology has clearly been one of the main sources of environmental difficulties.

The Judeo-Christian notion of nature is that it is not sacred like God.  Man, however, is believed by this group to be made in God's image, and can therefore shape nature as God would. There are some who would disagree with this application of Christianity.  Those who believe in "stewardship" would say that people must respect and not destroy nature, not overexploit natural resources, and allow other animals to live in nature as well. Many important theological thinkers would agree with this version of Christianity.  Calvin said that man is the steward of God's earth, and has no right to exploit and destroy it.  Also, St. Thomas Aquinas said that man had some responsibility towards animals. Christianity also favors the environment in some respects.  To the benefit of the environment, the religion encourages caring for other people, including those of the future, and some level of respect for the environment.

There are many different chemical substances that contribute to air pollution.  These chemicals come from a variety of sources. Among the many types of air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and organic compounds that can evaporate and enter the atmosphere. Air pollutants have sources that are both natural and human.  Now, humans contribute substantially more to the air pollution problem. Forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity are all among the natural causes of air pollution.

Usually, natural air pollution does not occur in abundance in particular locations.  The pollution is spread around throughout the world, and as a result, poses many threats. Though some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity.  The biggest causes are the use of fuels in power plants and automobiles that combust fuel.  Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States. Some cities suffer severely because of heavy industrial use of chemicals that cause air pollution.  Places like Mexico City and Sao Paulo have some of the most deadly pollution levels in the world.

Air pollution is responsible for major health effects.  Every year, the health of countless people is ruined or endangered by air pollution. Many different chemicals in the air affect the human body in negative and destructive ways.  Just how sick people will get depends on what chemicals they are exposed to, in what concentrations, and for how long. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US alone due to environmental pollution-related diseases could be over 50,000. Older people are highly vulnerable to diseases induced by air pollution.  Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk.  Children and infants are also at serious risk. Because people are exposed to so many potentially dangerous pollutants, it is often hard to know exactly which pollutants are responsible for causing sickness.  Also, because a mixture of different pollutants can intensify sickness, it is often difficult to isolate those pollutants that are at fault.

Many diseases could be caused by air pollution without their becoming apparent for a long time.  Diseases such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease may all eventually appear in people exposed to air pollution. Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide also have harmful effects on vital systems.  They can kill plants and trees by destroying their leaves, and can kill animals, especially fish in highly polluted rivers. Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be checked and curbed prudently.  In order to accomplish this, scientists, environmentalists, and governments, are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input control involves preventing a problem before it occurs, or at least limiting the effects the process will produce. Five major input control methods exist. 

Output control, the opposite method, seeks to fix the problems caused by air pollution.  This usually means cleaning up an area that has been damaged by pollution. Input controls are usually more effective than output controls.  Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries. Current air pollution control efforts are not all highly effective.  In wealthier countries, industries are often able to shift to methods that decrease air pollution.  In the United States, for example, air pollution control laws have been successful in stopping air pollution levels from rising.  However, in developing countries and even in countries where pollution is strictly regulated, much more needs to be done.

Over the past years, human energy consumption has risen dramatically.  The rise in use of energy resources has meant increasing costs and the depletion of non-renewable supplies.  These and other factors have led people to try to use energy in a more efficient manner. The First Law of Thermodynamics says that energy can be transferred between forms, but not created or destroyed.  The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that usage of heat to perform work inevitably causes some heat to be lost to the surrounding environment.  As a result, perfect efficiency in energy use is impossible.

For many things and devices that use energy, a maximum efficiency limit exists.  A four-cycle internal combustion engine can achieve at most 54% efficiency, while a diesel engine can reach 56%.  Steam engines only perform at 32% efficiency.  In reality, engines are considerably worse than this due to designs that prevent achievement of maximum efficiency. If one includes all devices that use energy, about 85% of energy in the US is lost due to inefficient usage. Many low-efficiency devices exist because when they were developed, energy costs were very low.  Only later, when energy costs rose, did it make sense to be more energy efficient.

Devices that increase efficiency often are priced higher than those that perform inefficiently.  However, because less energy is used and the devices often last longer (such as fluorescent light bulbs), the efficient devices are sometimes cheaper in the long run. Governments are trying to promote efficient energy use for the sake of our future and their future generations who may be deprived by us of chances to generate air pollutants. 

 

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Casey Coke asked:


Have you ever walked past an office building and noticed a pond on the property? If so, have you also noticed water fountains in the pond? You have probably also taken a mental note of how these fountains add a unique visual allure to the pond. That is why so many commercial and residential properties incorporate their use. They just make a pond look exceptionally unique.

But who says looks are everything? Water movement not only provides added visual benefits to a pond, they also allow the pond’s ecosystem to thrive and survive. This is where pond fountains pond aerators are so helpful – these devices greatly facilitate expanded water movement. Stagnant water is exactly that – stagnant. Obviously, stale and stagnant water does not always provide the best environment for plants and fish life. When a fountain or aerator circulates water around in the pond it will vitalize the pond’s environment. Specific benefits of this movement include better oxygenation of the water, reductions in the presence or harmful bacteria, and a slowing of the algae growth process.

Yes, pond aerators and fountains have their different purposes. Understanding these differences is necessary in order to always purchase the right fountain/aerator for your needs. But what are the main differences?

The most basic differences bring us to the two purposes of moving water in the pond: visual appeal and ecosystem support. In particular, a fountain is designed mainly with aesthetic qualities as the primary purpose, with aeration and water movement secondary. Aerators are the opposite. Improving the pond’s ecosystem is the focus with aesthetics taking a back seat.

Just because a pond fountain is primarily built on visual appeal doesn’t mean they do not benefit the pond environment. The splashing effect of the water shooting up and returning to the surface of the pond helps with the transfer of gasses and the mixing of the water at the surface, which adds oxygen. Now depending on the spray pattern of the fountain, some fountains do a better job of that. Basically the finer the spray of the fountain, the better it is going to be and venting gases and mixing in oxygen. From an aesthetics standpoint, a pond fountain can be used with ponds of any depth, however if you are wanting to provide any appreciable aeration benefit, they will be best suited for shallower ponds of 8 feet or less, unless paired up with an aerator.

Pond aerators operate two ways. They can aerate from the bottom up or just at the ponds surface. The depth of the pond can help determine which type of system will be best, but a rule of thumb is if the pond is under 8 ft deep, then a surface aerator would be the best option. Some surface aerators are actually very similar to fountains in that they have an attractive spray pattern. The main difference being is that the display pattern on an aerator is developed to provide excellent aeration and water mixing at the surface as opposed to a typical pond fountain and its stylistic appeal. Then there are aerators that you position in the bottom of the ponds that are injected with air and release air bubbles that eventually work their way to the surface. These systems are the best and oxygenating and are the ideal approach to aerating deep ponds because they work across the entire water column and help with aeration and the elimination of stratification.

Both fountains and aerators provide great benefits to a pond. To select the right one for you pond simply depends on defining your needs. Regardless of which one you select, both visual and functional aspects of the pond will improve dramatically.



Pollution Prevention

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Douglas Scott asked:


The Kanepuu Preserve in Lanai Hawaii is located on the one of the western plateaus of this island paradise and is just a way off from the Garden of the Gods.

The plateau is dry and arid and is home to Hawaiis biggest dry land forest and it extends over six hundred acres in total and is home to a variety of plant species, some of which are rare including the sandalwood and Hawaii gardenia. The Kanepuu Preserve is an indicator to what could have been, as this is the dry land forest vegetation once also grew in the lowland areas of all the Hawaiian Islands.

Lanais Kanepuu Preserve was in the year 1918 when the importance of these forests came to light and action was finally taken to combat the harmful erosion effects that were ravaging much of the islands topsoil. The selfless efforts of George Munro are still recognized and talked about to this very day. For near on thirty years Munro worked to preserve the forest, eliminating wild pigs, erecting windbreaks, and fencing in natural vegetation such as the native ebony and olive trees from domesticated livestock that were taking their toll on the island. Thus was the birth of the Kanepuu Preserve. Today it is kept up and maintained by concerned members of the island community known locally as the Hui Malama Pono O Lanai. The year 1991 saw one of the biggest mile stones being crossed when the Dole Food Company gave the Nature Conservancy a long term conservation agreement which would allow the community to carry on with reinstating the forest and guaranteeing its permanent protection.

With the help of the community and volunteers the long term goal is to establish and maintain a self perpetuating ecosystem which will not call for continued man listed help. It is hoped that what is learnt here could be used elsewhere in the world, specifically in the Pacific area where climate conditions now exist.

There are trail signs throughout the Preserve which are highly informative that are accessible to visitors between 09:00 and 16:00. Outside of these times it is quite possible that there maybe hunts going on so guests are warned to stay out for their own safety. It also possible to book a guided tour through the forest. Look out for the small trail that will lead visitors to the mesmerizing Garden of the Gods.



Pollution Prevention

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